When one of two terms has a modifier that without the comma might be
referred to both, or, when the parts of compound predicates and of other
phrases are long or differently modified, these terms or parts are
separated by the comma though no conjunction is omitted.
When two terms connected by or have the same meaning, the second is
logically explanatory of the first, and is set off by the comma, _i. e._,
when it occurs in the body of a sentence, a comma is placed after the
explanatory word, as well as before the _or_.
+Direction.+--_Justify the punctuation of these sentences:_--
1. Long, pious pilgrimages are made to Mecca.
2. Empires rise, flourish, and decay.
3. Cotton is raised in Egypt, in India, and in the United States.
4. The brain is protected by the skull, or cranium.
5. Nature and art and science were laid under tribute.
6. The room was furnished with a table, and a chair without legs.
7. The old oaken bucket hangs in the well.
+Explanation.+--No comma here, for no conjunction is omitted. _Oaken_
limits _bucket_, _old_ limits _bucket_ modified by _oaken_, and _the_
limits _bucket_ modified by _old_ and _oaken_. See Lesson 13.
8. A Christian spirit should be shown to Jew or Greek, male or female,
friend or foe.
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