... The
greater part of these questions introduced into theology, with
all the modes of disputation (see p. 115) and solution, are in
the terms of philosophy, as is known to all theologians, who have
been well exercised in philosophy before proceeding to theology.
Again, other questions which are in use among theologians, though
in terms of theology, viz., of the Trinity, of the fall, of the
incarnation, of sin, of virtue, of the sacraments, etc., are
mainly ventilated by authorities, arguments, and solutions drawn
from philosophy. And therefore the entire occupation of
theologians now-a-days is philosophical, both in substance and
method.[33]
(e) _Medicine_
The medical learning of western Europe was greatly enlarged during the
eleventh and twelfth centuries by the translation into Latin of numerous
works by Greek, Arabic, and Jewish physicians. These became the standard
text-books of the Faculties or Schools of Medicine. The Greek writers
most commonly mentioned in the university lists of studies are
Hippocrates (fifth century B.C.) and Galen (second century A.D.).
Several of their more important works were first translated--like those
of Aristotle--from Arabic versions of the original Greek. Avicenna (c.
980-1037) furnished the most important Arabic contribution. Accounts of
these men and their writings may be found in any good encyclopedia.
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